A Level Psychology OCR Practice Exam

Which type of bias is present in Freud's research on Little Hans?

1. Confirmation bias

2. Sampling bias

3. Observer bias

4. Publication bias

The correct answer is: Sampling bias

Freud's research on Little Hans is primarily associated with confirmation bias. This is evident in how Freud interpreted the case. Confirmation bias occurs when an individual gives more weight to evidence that supports their existing beliefs or theories while disregarding or minimizing evidence that contradicts them. In the case of Little Hans, Freud had a pre-existing theory regarding psychosexual development and phobias, particularly the Oedipus complex. As he analyzed Hans' fears of horses and his behaviors, Freud sought data that would confirm his theoretical framework rather than objectively assessing the child's experiences. While sampling bias, observer bias, and publication bias are all relevant concepts in psychological research, they do not predominantly capture the essence of Freud's work with Little Hans. Sampling bias refers to the specific group from which data is collected, observer bias involves the subjective interpretation of observations, and publication bias pertains to the tendency to only publish research that yields significant results. Freud's focus on the case of Little Hans predominantly illustrates how confirmation bias shaped his interpretative lens and bolstered his theoretical assertions.